The courts have held ___________________ a restraint of trade among intermediaries handling the same brands. However, courts have often adopted conflicting positions in regard to this issue and believe it can promote competition under certain circumstances.

The courts have held ___________________ a restraint of trade among intermediaries handling the same brands. However, courts have often adopted conflicting positions in regard to this issue and believe it can promote competition under certain circumstances.




tying agreements

refusal to deal

restricted sales territories

exclusive dealing

vertical channel integration



Answer: restricted sales territories


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