When manufacturers such as Microsoft, Sony, and Bose bypass retailers by opening up their own retail locations, it is likely to
a. lead to increased channel cooperation between the retailers and the manufacturers.
b. make horizontal channel integration more likely.
c. increase the communication between the various channel members.
d. allow one member of the channel to be seen as channel captain.
e. result in channel conflict between the manufacturers and the retailers.
Answer: e. result in channel conflict between the manufacturers and the retailers.