According to Kurtz/lecture, all of the following are true of the last four of the eight universal functions of marketing EXCEPT:
a) Standardizing and grading by ensuring that product offerings are available in sufficient quantities to meet customer demands
b) Financing by providing credit for channel members (wholesalers and retailers) and consumers
c) Risk taking in dealing with uncertainty about future customer purchases
d) Securing Marketing Information by collecting information about consumers, competitors, and channel members for use in making marketing decisions
Answer: A