Identify and define the traditional four Ps. Also identify the new four Ps and the reason for developing the new interpretation.
Answer: The traditional four Ps are: Product (product variety, quality, design, features, brand name, packaging, sizes, services, warranties, returns), Price (list price, discounts, allowances, payment period, credit terms), Promotion (sales promotion, advertising, sales force, public relations, direct marketing), and Place (channels, coverage, assortments, locations, inventory, transportation). However, given the breadth, complexity, and richness of marketing, as exemplified by holistic marketing, these 4 Ps are not the whole story anymore. Updating them to reflect the holistic marketing concept, researchers in this field arrived at a more representative set that encompasses modern marketing realities: people, processes, programs, and performance.