The earliest signs of branding in Europe were medieval ________ requirement that craftspeople put trademarks on their products to protect themselves and consumers against inferior quality.

The earliest signs of branding in Europe were medieval ________ requirement that craftspeople put trademarks on their products to protect themselves and consumers against inferior quality. 



a. kings'
b. churches'
c. consumers'
d. governments'
e. guilds'


Answer: e. guilds'


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