In which of the following situations is dual distribution likely to be determined illegal?
a) A manufacturer sells its product online and through independent and company-owned retail outlets.
b) A manufacturer opens its own retail outlets across the country and sells its entire line of products.
c) A producer uses company outlets to dominate independent retailers that carry its products.
d) A producer sells its products both to wholesalers who deal with small and medium-sized retailers and directly to retailers.
e) A producer charges higher prices at its company-owned retail outlets than independent retailers charge for the same products.
Answer: c) A producer uses company outlets to dominate independent retailers that carry its products.