Stanley likes using fountain pens. When he came across a new series of fountain pens manufactured by Dilloit Pens, he eagerly bought one. The pen's appealing exterior combined with the long-established reputation of Dilloit Pens made Stanley assume that the fountain pen would be of high quality. To his disappointment, the pen smudged and bled despite using high-quality ink. In this case, Stanley purchased the pen based on _____.
a. perceived value
b. actual value
c. consumer set
d. evoked set
Answer: a. perceived value