Advertising allowances
a. are price reductions to firms further along in the channel to encourage them to advertise or otherwise promote the firm's products locally.
b. involve intermediaries and producers sharing in the cost of ads.
c. allow for coordination and integration of ad messages in the channel.
d. set the allowance amount as a percent of the retailer's actual purchases.
e. offer incentives that encourage retailers to stock up on a product.
Answer: a. are price reductions to firms further along in the channel to encourage them to advertise or otherwise promote the firm's products locally.